Charles Desmarais Gardette was born in Philadelphia in 1830 to an aristocratic family and received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1851 (Rawson). Soon moving from medicine to journalism, he published in the Evening Journal and Record of Philadelphia, as well as the Evening Post of New York. His work includes fiction, poetry, and essays. Like some of his compatriots at Pfaff’s, including Aldrich, Nast, Shanly, and Arnold, Gardette tried his hand at writing for children, publishing the didactic Johnnie Dodge, or, The Freaks and Fortunes of an Idle Boy in 1868. Gardette was considered a young man of the New York Press (“The Young Men” 4), and was among the first to contribute to Atlantic Monthly (“Literary Matters”). While most of his works are forgotten today, he was evidently well regarded during his time. Winter lists Gardette amongst "names that shine, with more or less lustre, in the scroll of American poets.” (292)
While multiple sources place Gardette at Pfaff’s, there is some dispute over his level of involvement there. Lalor describes him as a “tangential figure” to the bohemian scene at Pfaff’s (364), which is supported by Rawson’s characterization of him as “only an occasional comet in the brilliant sky of the Pfaffian zodiac” (n.p.). In contrast, he has been listed as one of the “Pfaffian regulars” (Stansell 114) and amongst “the best know [sic] writers who frequented that cozy corner [Pfaff's]" (G. J. M. 9). “Though small in size he was noted for a large convivial nature,” and would habitually pick up the tab for everyone at his table. Winter writes that Gardette was “conspicuous there [Pfaff's], for daintiness of person, elegance of attire, and blithe animal spirits" (65).
Gardette was likely known to Whitman through Clapp, who at the time was editor of the Saturday Press. Perhaps at Clapp’s request, Gardette wrote a number of parodies of Walt Whitman for the Saturday Press under the name "Saerasmid," an anagram of his middle name. These poems were published in 1860 and appear to be part of Clapp’s larger effort to keep the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass in the spotlight on Whitman’s behalf (Clark 260-262). Stansell writes that Whitman, who enjoyed the gossip at Pffaff’s, once scribbled down a story of Gardette’s concerning George Lippard.
Described by Reynolds as a “Poe(esque) tale writer,” Gardette may best be remembered for his involvement in a minor literary hoax regarding his imitation of Poe’s style (377). Following a discussion with friends over whether or not it would be possible to write an imitation of Poe’s distinctive style, Gardette composed "The Fire-Fiend" and sent it to Harper’s Magazine, from where it was sent it to Henry Clapp of the Saturday Press. Though Gardette did not know Clapp at the time, the poem appeared in the Press on November 19, 1859. Gardette’s brief note of introduction to the piece states that it was an early Poe manuscript written "while experimenting toward the production of that wondrous mechanism ‘THE RAVEN.’"
The hoax would confound critics on both sides of the Atlantic. Amidst accusations of plagiary on Poe’s part, Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie, editor of the Philadelphia Press, published an editorial titled “Poe’s Raven: Whence came it?” on September 30, 1864 for the purpose of “vindicating Poe from the charge of plagiary.” In a later letter to Gardette, Mackenzie characterized Gardette as one who "dabbles" in literature and had been disseminating Poe’s early, unworthy manuscript for "several years" in the hope that his name would be associated with the great poet. Gardette and Mackenzie exchanged a volley of letters debating the truth of the accusations, the collection of which Gardette published as "The Whole Truth in the Question of "The Fire Fiend" (1864). He clarifies that the poem was "written as a hoax, published as a hoax, with an editorial remark sufficiently indicating the fact to any reader of fair perspicacity;...I feel no hesitation in pronouncing it, and in believing that my readers will pronounce it, to have been a venial and harmless literary joke, instead of an ’unjustifiable fraud,’ ’forgery,’ and a ’great wrong,’ as it is solemnly declared to be by DR. R. SHELTON MACKENZIE!" (Gardette, The Whole Truth 23-24) The aftermath of the debate included a mention of the "Fire-Fiend" affair by Henry Clapp in "Curiosities of Criticism" (Saturday Press, 1866), and the release of Gardette’s book of poetry, The Fire-Fiend and Other Poems.
Gardette was later attached to the U.S. delegation in Paris for five years and continued writing. One of his short stories, "The Burleigh Legacy: A Tale of an Amateur ’Detective’" (Beadle’s Monthly, 1866) bears "features we would call echoes of a Sherlockian story, had it been published after 1887" (D. Richards 8).
References & Biographical Resources A. B. "Curiosities of Criticism." New York Saturday Press. 20 Jan. 1866: 40. Clapp discusses Mackenzie's affirmation in the Philadelphia Press that the poems published in "The Fire Fiend and other Poems, by Charles D. Gardette" appeared to be written by Poe.Clapp also notes Mackenzie's subsequent denials of Poe's authorship of the poems. Clapp, Henry Jr. Letter to Walt Whitman. 1860. Clapp encourages Whitman to send a copy of the 1860 Leaves of Grass to Gardette for his consideration, even supplying him with Gardette's street address in Philadelphia. Clark, George Pierce. "'Saerasmid,' an Early Promoter of Walt Whitman." American Literature. 27.2 (1955): 259-262. Provides a very brief biography of Gardette, a history of his parodies of both Whitman and Poe, and evidence to identify him as "Saerasmid," the author of Whitman parodies in the Saturday Press. [pages:259-262] Figaro [Clapp, Henry Jr.]. "Dramatic Feuilleton." New York Saturday Press. 16 Jan. 1866: 8-9. Figaro notes that Gardette has returned from Philadelphia and that he was asked to explain the joke in the Saturday Press about how "Figaro 'died of rum and recklessness.'"Figaro gives an account of Gardette's explanation (8). [pages:8] G. J. M. "Bohemianism: The American Authors Who Met in a Cellar." Brooklyn Eagle. 25 May 1884: 9. Gardette is mentioned as one of "the best know writers who frequented that cozy corner [Pfaff's]." [pages:9] Gardette, Charles Desmarais and Robert Shelton Mackenzie. The Whole Truth in the Question of "The Fire Fiend": Between Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie and C.D. Gardette; Briefly stated by the Latter. Philadelphia: Sherman & Co., 1864. Gardette claims that Mackenzie never gave him the privildege of "justifying" his work with "The Fire Fiend."The correspondence is Gardette's attempt to address Mackenzie's claims about his work. "General gossip of authors and writers." Current Literature. 01 Jan. 1888: 476-480. Mentioned as one of the Bohemians at Pfaff's "gossiped" about by Rufus B. Wilson in a "reminiscent letter to the Galveston News." [pages:479] Lalor, Eugene T. The Literary Bohemians of New York City in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Ph.D. Dissertation, St. John's University, 1977. Described as a "tangential figure," the "writer of 'The Fire Fiend' hoax on Poe." [pages:3,16] Lause, Mark A. The Antebellum Crisis and America's First Bohemians. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2009. [pages:52, 54] Leland, Charles Godfrey. Memoirs. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1893. [pages:234] "Literary Matters." New-York Saturday Press. 13 Mar. 1866: 4. [pages:4] Quelqu'un [Winter, William]. "Dramatic Feuilleton." New-York Saturday Press. 22 Sep. 1860: 3. Gardette is mentioned in Personne's Feuilleton from the Leader (3). [pages:3] Rawson, A. L. "A Bygone Bohemia." Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. 01 Jan. 1896: 96-107. Identified by Rawson as an occasional visitor. [pages:103] Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography. New York: Knopf, 1995. 671 p. [pages:377] Richards, Dana. "The Amateur Detective in 1866." Baker Street Journal: An Irregular Quarterly of Sherlockiana. 47.4 (1997): 7-11. [pages:8] Seitz, Don Carlos. Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Browne): A Biography and Bibliography. NY: Harper & Brothers, 1919. [pages:97] Stansell, Christine. "Whitman at Pfaff's: Commercial Culture, Literary Life and New York Bohemia at Mid-Century." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review. 10.3 (1993): 107-126. As one of the "Pfaffian regulars" who did "serious writing along with journalism", Gardette wrote short stories (114).Stansell writes that of the "gossip about other writers" that Whitman was exposed to at Pfaff's, he "scribbled down in his notebook the gist of a story he had heard from Charles Gardette about the rise and fall of a popular feuilletoniste, George Lippard; 'was handsome Byronic, -- commenced at 18 -- wrote sensation novels -- drank-drank-drank -- died mysteriously either of suicide or mania a potu at 25- or 6 -- a perfect wreck -- was ragged, drunk, beggarly --'" (117). [pages:114,117] "The Young Men of the New York Press." The Independent. 17 Jun. 1866: 4. "It is a striking fact that the number of young men prominently connected with the New York press as writers is greater now than at any former period...the chief editorial work in these journals is done by men between the years of twenty-five and forty" (4). "Charles D. Gardette, John Alden, Barry Gray, C.D. Shanley, and Dr. Stiles of the Historical Magazine, might all be much older and still young" (4). [pages:4] Winter, William. Old Friends; Being Literary Recollections of Other Days. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909. When reminiscing about the Bohemians, Winter remembers Gardette as "That singular being...who wrote 'The Fire Fiend,' and, for a time, rejoiced in luring the public into a belief that it was a posthumous poem by Edgar Poe, was conpicuous there [Pfaff's], for daintiness of person, elegance of attire, and blithe animal spirits"(65). He is listed by Winter as one of the Bohemians who frequented Pfaff's Cave (88). Of the poets associated with the Bohemian period, Winter states that Gardette's name is one among a list of "names that shine, with more or less lustre, in the scroll of American poets, and recurrence to their period affords opportunity for correction of errors concerning it, which have been conspicuously made" (292). [pages:65,88,292]