de Gurowski, Adam (1805-1866) Essayist, Historian, Journalist, Lecturer, Reformer, Translator. Born the son of a Polish count, de Gurowski’s strong political opinions led to his expulsion from the Gymnasia of Warsaw and Kalisz, and later led to his imprisonment. His estates were confiscated because of his objections to Russian influence in the region. At the University of Berlin he studied philosophy under Hegel and later graduated from the University of Heidelberg in 1823. In Paris he studied with Charles Fourier, working on the notion of Pan-slavism which he developed in his book on the subject La Verite sur la Russie (1835). The ideas in this work interested Czar Nicholas I; he granted de Gurowski a pardon and invited him to St. Petersburg.
By 1844 de Gurowski was again on the move, relocating to Germany and then to Switzerland, where he taught political economics at the University of Bern. His next move was to New York where he became a naturalized citizen. He lectured at Harvard (at one point he challenged another professor to a duel) and joined the editorial staff of Horace Greeley’s New York Tribune for which he wrote articles favorable to the Russian cause during the Crimean War. It was through his association with the Tribune that de Gurowski became involved at Pfaff’s. A. L. Rawson labels de Gurowski as “one of the unique characters who frequented Pfaff’s” and a “rare bird” who visited “the saloon when he had a fresh supply of wrath in his literary vials, which he poured out on the heads of the ignoramuses and pretenders--asses, who deluge the journals with inane trash” (40-1). Whitman would later describe this rather boisterous member of the group as "'one of the clearest headed most remarkable men I ever came in contact with'" (Lause 51). During this period, de Gurowski would also write for the New American Cyclopaedia and would later submitted work to the Atlantic Monthly.
During the early flourishing of Pfaff’s, de Gurowski was actively writing. He published pro-Russian pamphlets and commented on the relationship between the United States and other nations. He wrote The Turkish Question (1854), Russia as It Is (1854), A Year of the War (1855), and America and Europe (1857). Starting in August 1860, de Gurowski began writing a series, “Minor Experiences in America,” for the Saturday Press. Spanning from August to December, the series told of de Gurowski’s travels to and experiences on American soil.
His keen political mind and devotion to the abolitionist movement, as stated in his Slavery in History (1860), led de Gurowski to Washington D.C. Once there, he supported the Union war effort by translating articles in foreign newspapers for the Secretary of State. The publication of his Diary (1862), however, caused a break with the administration due to his frank criticism of Lincoln, Seward, and other military officials’ mismanagement of the war. He advocated the organization of a troop of African-American soldiers and offered suggestions for its formation.
De Gurowski succumbed to typhoid fever at the home of Charles Eames and he was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington. His funeral in May 1866 attracted a great deal of attention. Walt Whitman was "well acquainted" with de Gurowski who he describes as "a strange old man, a great lord in his own country, Poland, owner 30,000 serfs & great estates -- an exile for conspiracy against the government -- he knew everything & growled & found fault with everybody -- but was always very curteous [sic] to me & spoke very highly of me in his book, his Diary printed last winter..." (Whitman 8:175-6).
References & Biographical Resources
"Adam Gurowski's Diary." The North American Review. 01 Jan. 1863: 277-278.
Allen, Gay Wilson. The Solitary Singer: A Critical Biography of Walt Whitman. New York: MacMillan, 1955.
Allen mentions that Gurowski's funeral in May 1866, attracted a lot of attention in Washington.Allen writes that Whitman was "well aquainted" with the count and quotes Whitman on Gurowski: "a strange old man, a great lord in his own country, Poland, owner 30,000 serfs & great estates -- an exile for conspiracy against the government -- he knew everything & growled & found fault with everybody -- but was always very curteous to me & spoke very highly of me in his book, his Diary printed last winter..." (370).
[pages:370]
Carter, Robert. "Gurowski." The Atlantic Monthly. 01 Nov. 1866: 625-634.
[pages:625-634]
[Clapp, Henry Jr. and Robert W. Pearsall]. "The Fine Arts. A Reception." New York Saturday Press. 14 Feb. 1860: 2.
Count Gurowski is listed as one of the notable attendees at last Thursday's "reception" at Dodworth Hall (2).
[pages:2]
Congdon, Charles T. Reminiscences of a Journalist. Boston: James R. Osgood, 1880.
[pages:237, 256]
"Diary, from November 18, 1862, to October 18, 1863. Adam Gurowski." Continental Monthly. 01 Apr. 1864: 484.
Epstein, Daniel Mark. Lincoln and Whitman: Parallel Lives in Civil War Washington. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks, 2004. 379 p.
Described as a one-eyed, Polish man who wore a cape and blue-tinted glasses to protect his good eye.De Gurowski was supposedly in exile.Epstein claims he brought with him an air of romance and intellectual arrogance and that he idolized Whitman.
de Gurowski's connection to Pfaffs was through his writing for the Tribune.
[pages:54-55]
Fischer, Le Roy. "Adam Gurowski." Dictionary of American Biography. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC.
Fischer, LeRoy H. "Lincoln's Gadfly--Adam Gurowski." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 36.3 (1949): 415-434.
G. J. M. "Bohemianism: The American Authors Who Met in a Cellar." Brooklyn Eagle. 25 May 1884: 9.
Gurowski's contributions to the Saturday Press are referenced.
[pages:9]
Gunn, Thomas Butler. Diaries, Vol. 11. Missouri History Museum, 1859.
de Gurowski is described in a newspaper clipping as similar in appearance to the mythical Bluebeard and Sinbad the Sailor: "Bluebeard in traveling costume, hat, shawl and overcoat, looking like something between Count Gurowski and Sinbad the Sailor."
[pages:213]
Gunn, Thomas Butler. Diaries, Vol. 19. Missouri History Museum, 1862.
Gunn details his encounter with Gurowski at the Tribune Office, "After tea to the Tribune Office where I found Wilkeson and Meyer, wrote to Haney and Jack Edwards and tarried till Edge came. There came also the Count Gurowski, exhibiting some of his arbitrary Russian manners to those present and incidentally to me, when I respond- ed coolly, deliberately and contemptuously, on which he moderated his tone a little. He has some office in Washington – that of librarian, I think."
[pages:41]
Gurowski, Adam. Diary, from March 4, 1861 to November 12, 1862. Boston: Lee & Shepherd, 1862.
Gurowski, Adam. Diary, from November 18, 1862 to October 18, 1863. New York: Carleton, 1864.
"Gurowski [from the New York Tribune]." New York Saturday Press. 11 Jan. 1859: 1.
"Gurowski's Diary." Harper's Weekly. 1864. 146-147.
Lause, Mark A. The Antebellum Crisis and America's First Bohemians. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2009.
Gurowski was the son of a leader of the 1794 rebellion in Poland (51).
Gurowski's book America and Europe "praised not only 'man's individuality' but also Fourier's associationism." Such an outlook suited the bohemian vision (102).
Gurowski died in the spring of 1866 of typhoid fever in Washington (116).
[pages:as Adam Gurowski; 51, 52, 77, 102, 109, 112, 116]
Morris, Roy Jr. The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
[pages:21, 88]
"Notes of the Week." New-York Saturday Press. 19 May 1866: 4.
The column reports that Gurowski left several manuscripts and predicts that they will probably constitute a publication for the benefit of his surviving daughter (4).
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Personne [Wilkins, Edward G. P.]. "Dramatic Feuilleton." New-York Saturday Press. 23 Jul. 1859: 2.
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Personne [Wilkins, Edward G. P.]. "Dramatic Feuilleton." New York Saturday Press. 17 May 1859: 2.
Personne makes a passing reference to Gurowski (2).
[pages:2]
Personne [Wilkins, Edward G. P.]. "Dramatic Feuilleton." New York Saturday Press. 21 May 1859: 2-3.
Gurowski is mentioned in the dedication of the "sketch" of The Dark Hour Before the Dawn (2).
[pages:2]
Rawson, A. L. "A Bygone Bohemia." Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly. 01 Jan. 1896: 96-107.
A member of Clare's coterie of Bohemians. He is identified as a "Polish author and revolutionist" (103) who was a visitor to Pfaff's (105).
[pages:40, 41, 103, 105]
Starr, Louis Morris. Bohemian Brigade; Civil War Newsmen in Action. New York: Knopf, 1954.
During the prominence of Henry Wikoff in Northern politics several years after a scandal over his marriage, Gurowski noted in his diary: "Wyckoff is, so to speak, an intimate of Seward's house and office" (75).
[pages:75]