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Relationships of The Bees

To explore the relationships between the various bohemian writers and artists who frequented Pfaff's bar, select a person or group, and then select a relationship type. This section of the site is currently under construction; new content is being added on a regular basis.

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Brougham, John (1810-1880)

Miller, Tice L. Bohemians and Critics: American Theatre Criticism in the Nineteenth Century. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1981. [pages:44]

Brougham, along with Ned Wilkins, Henry Clapp, Fitz-James O'Brien, and Mark Smith, formed an artistic club called "The Bees" in 1856.

Howland, Edward (1832-1890)

Winter, William. Old Friends; Being Literary Recollections of Other Days. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909. [pages:294-295]

The Press was started by Howland and Clapp in 1858 (137). Howland is also listed as a "friendly contributor" who would provide articled for nothing.