"Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume V, Pickering-Sumter." In Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, Volume V, Pickering-Sumter, edited by Wilson, James Grant and John Fiske. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1888.
Winter, William. Old Friends; Being Literary Recollections of Other Days. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company, 1909.
Lalor, Eugene T. "The Literary Bohemians of New York City in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." Ph.D. Dissertation, St. John's University, 1977.
Stansell, Christine. "Whitman at Pfaff's: Commercial Culture, Literary Life and New York Bohemia at Mid-Century." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 10, no. 3 (1993): 107-126.