Whitman, Walt. "Letter to Henry Clapp, Jr., June 12, 1860." Walt Whitman: The Correspondence 1, (1961): 55.
Whitman, Walt. "Letter to William D. O'Connor, September 15, 1867." Walt Whitman: The Correspondance 1, (1961): 338-340.
Whitman, Walt. "Letter to William D. O'Connor, May 5, 1867." Walt Whitman: The Correspondence 1, (1961): 327-329.
Hahn, Emily. Romantic Rebels; An Informal History of Bohemianism in America. Boston; Houghton Mifflin, 1967.
Lalor, Eugene T. "The Literary Bohemians of New York City in the Mid-Nineteenth Century." Ph.D. Dissertation, St. John's University, 1977.
Lalor, Eugene. "Whitman among the New York Literary Bohemians: 1859–1862.." Walt Whitman Review 25, (1979): 131-145.
Miller, Tice L. Bohemians and Critics: American Theatre Criticism in the Nineteenth Century. Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1981.
Hyman, Martin D. "'Where the Drinkers & Laughers Meet': Pfaff's: Whitman's Literary Lair.." Seaport 26, (1991): 56-61.
Stansell, Christine. "Whitman at Pfaff's: Commercial Culture, Literary Life and New York Bohemia at Mid-Century." Walt Whitman Quarterly Review 10, no. 3 (1993): 107-126.
Guarneri, Carl J. The Utopian Alternative: Fourierism in Nineteenth-Century America. Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Loving, Jerome. "Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself." Walt Whitman: The Song of Himself (1999): 568 p.
Morris, Roy Jr. The Better Angel: Walt Whitman in the Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Twain, Mark. "The Autobiography of Mark Twain." In The Autobiography of Mark Twain, edited by Charles Neider. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.
Traubel, Horace. "Intimate with Walt: Selections from Whitman's Conversations with Horace Traubel, 1888-1892." In Intimate with Walt: Selections from Whitman's Conversations with Horace Traubel, 1888-1892, edited by Schmidgall, Gary. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2001.
Levin, Joanna Dale. "American Bohemias, 1858-1912: A Literary and Cultural Geography." Ph.D Dissertation; Stanford University, 2001.