The Vault at Pfaff's

An Archive of Art and Literature by the Bohemians of Antebellum New York

Books

Publishing in periodicals usually provided the quickest and most reliable source of income for the writers who gathered at Pfaff's (that is, when editors actually paid—something that Saturday Press editor Henry Clapp was notorious for not doing). Many of them also published books, with varying degrees of success. Fitz-Hugh Ludlow'sThe Hasheesh Eater (1857) attempted to capitalize on the fame of Thomas De Quincey's Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821) from a generation earlier, and Thomas Butler Gunn's The Physiology of New York Boarding-Houses (1857) became part of an emerging genre of urban interest books as American cities grew and developed in the 1840s and 50s. Writers who would later become some of the most prominent authors in the postbellum United States—such as Thomas Bailey Aldrich and Edmund Clarence Stedman—published their first books during their time at Pfaff's, with Aldrich's The Ballad of Babie Bell, and Other Poems appearing in 1859 and Stedman's The Prince's Ball (which was adapted from earlier publications in Vanity Fair) coming out in 1860. The three women who were most central to the bohemian scene—Ada Clare, Elizabeth Stoddard, and Adah Isaacs Menken—all published books right as their time in bohemia came to an end: Clare's loosely autobiographical novel, Only a Woman's Heart (1866), was a commercial and critical failure, which led her to put aside writing and focus on her acting career; Menken's posthumous book of poetry, Infelicia (1868), continued to feed the public fascination with her larger-than-life persona; and Stoddard's The Morgesons (1862) was the first of three novels that would gain her a small but loyal following throughout the second half of the nineteenth century.

The most famous book to emerge from bohemian New York was the third edition of Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1860). Whitman had published two earlier editions of his book of poems in 1855 and 1856 that were modestly well received, but neither gave him the success that he knew he deserved. When Whitman joined with the bohemians at Pfaff's in 1858, they rallied around him in the pages of the Saturday Press and Vanity Fair with reviews, homages, and parodies of his work that helped to attract the attention of the Thayer and Eldridge publishing firm. The 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass was the first to sell out its initial print run, setting the stage for Whitman's growing popularity throughout the rest of the century. 

The metadata and abstracts for these books are searchable on the site; where available, links have been provided to external websites that house digital reproductions of these books.

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  • Stedman, Edmund Clarence. The Poetical Works of Edmund Clarence Stedman. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. (1901-1-1).

  • Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. A Sea Turn and Other Matters. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. (1902-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Flight of Pony Baker: A Boy's Town Story. New York: Harper. (1902-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Tom Turner's Legacy: The Story of How He Secured It. New York; Burt. (1902-1-1).

  • Waters, Robert. Career and Conversation of John Swinton, Journalist, Orator, Economist. Chicago: C.H. Kerr. (1902-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Literature and Life. New York: Harper & Brothers. (1902-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. The World Before Him. Philadelphia, The Penn Pub. Co. (1902-1-1).

  • Stoddard, Lorimer. A Few Verses. New York: Priv. Print. (1902-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. A Rolling Stone; or, The Adventures of a Wanderer. Chicago : Thompson & Thomas. (1902-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Andy Grant's Pluck. Philadelphia : J.C. Winston. (1902-1-1).

  • Whitman, Walt. Complete Writings of Walt Whitman. New York: Putnam. (1902-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Kentons. New York: Harper. (1902-1-1).

  • Smith, Francis Hopkinson; Walter Appleton Clark. The Fortunes of Oliver Horn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (1902-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Bernard Brook's Adventures: The Story of a Brave Boy's Trials. New York; Burt. (1903-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Adrift in New York; or, Dodger and Florence Braving the World. New York : Street & Smith. (1903-1-1).

  • Heyse, Paul. Mary of Magdala; An Historical and Romantic Drama in Five Acts. New York: Macmillan. (1903-1-1).

  • Wilson, Rufus Rockwell; Edward Stratton Holloway. New York: Old & New; its Story, Streets, and Landmarks, with Many Illustrations from Prints and Photographs, and with Decorations by Edward Stratton Holloway. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Letters Home. New York: Harper. (1903-1-1).

  • Hemstreet, Charles. Literary New York: Its Landmarks and Associations. New York: G.P. Putnam. (1903-1-1).

  • Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. Ponkapog Papers. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Wilson, Rufus Rockwell. New York: Old & New; Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Brown, T. Allston. 3 Vols. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Questionable Shapes. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. (1903-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Chester Rand; or, A New Path to Fortune. Philadelphia : Henry T. Coates & Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Stoddard, Richard Henry and Henry C. Sturges. Chronologies of the Life and Writings of William Cullen Bryant, with a Bibliography of his Works in Prose and Verse. New York: D. Appleton & Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Forging Ahead. Philadelphia, The Penn Pub. Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Stoddard, Richard Henry. Recollections, Personal and Literary. New York: A.S. Barnes and Co. (1903-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Jerry, the Backwoods Boy; or, The Parkhurst Treasure. New York, Mershon Co. (1904-1-1).

  • Bellew, Frank. Mixing Day at Harper's--Making Mud to Fling at Greeley. New York: Macmillan. (1904-1-1).

  • Champney, Elizabeth W.; George Henry Boughton. Patience: A Daughter of the Mayflower. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. (1904-1-1).

  • Paine, Albert Bigelow. Thomas Nast: His Period and His Pictures. New York: Macmillan. (1904-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Finding a Fortune. Philadelphia, The Penn Pub. Co. (1904-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Son of Royal Langbirth. New York: Harper. (1904-1-1).

  • Bellew, Frank. Letter to Thomas Nast. New York: Macmillan. (1904-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Lost at Sea; or, Robert Roscoe's Strange Cruise. Rahway, N.J. : Mershon Co. (1904-1-1).

  • Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. Judith of Bethulîa, a Tragedy. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. (1904-1-1).

  • Stedman, Edmund Clarence. The New York Stock Exchange: Its history, Its Contribution to National Prosperity, and its Relation to American Finance at the Outset of the Twentieth Century. New York: Greenwood Press. (1905-1-1).

  • Binns, Henry Bryan. A Life of Walt Whitman. London: Methuen & Co. (1905-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. From Farm to Fortune; or, Nat Nason's Strange Experience. New York, Stitt Pub. Co. (1905-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. London Films. New York: Harper. (1905-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. The Young Book Agent; or, Frank Hardy's Road to Success. New York, Stitt Pub. Co. (1905-1-1).

  • Herzfeld, Elsa Goldina. Family Monographs: the History of Twenty-Four Families Living in the Middle West Side of New York City, with an Introduction. New York: J. Kempster Printing Co. (1905-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Mark Manning's Mission: The Story of a Shoe Factory Boy. New York; Burt. (1905-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Miss Bellard's Inspiration. New York: Harper. (1905-1-1).

  • Eytinge, Rose. The Memories of Rose Eytinge: Being Recollections & Observations of Men, Women, and Events, during Half a Century. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. (1905-1-1).

  • Benton, Joel. Persons and Places. New York: Broadway Publishing. (1905-1-1).

  • Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: G. W. Jacobs. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Different Girls. New York: Harper. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Under the Sunset. New York: Harper. (1906-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Randy of the River; or The Adventurers of a Young Deckhand. New York : Chatterton-Peck Company. (1906-1-1).

  • Rossetti, William Michael. Some Reminiscences of William Michael Rossetti (Volume One). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Mulberries in Pay's Garden. Cincinnati: Western Literary Press. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. The Heart of Childhood. New York: Harper. (1906-1-1).

  • Bunner, H.C.; A.B. Frost. The Bowery and Bohemia. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (1906-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Joe the Hotel Boy; or, Winning Out by Pluck. New York : Cupples & Leon. (1906-1-1).

  • Benton, Myron. Songs of the Webutuck. Poughkeepsie, N.Y.: Press of the A.V. Haight Co. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Certain Delightful English Towns, with Glimpses of the Pleasant Country Between. New York: Harper. (1906-1-1).

  • Perry, Bliss. Walt Whitman: His Life and Work. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Quaint Courtships. New York: Harper. (1906-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. The Young Musician. Philadelphia, Penn. (1906-1-1).

  • Boughton, George Henry and William Trost Richards. The Paintings of the Late William T. Richards: The Paintings of the Late George H. Boughton. New York: Fifth Avenue Art Galleries. (1906-1-1).

  • Twain, Mark. The $30,000 Bequest and Other Stories. New York & London: Harper & Brothers. (1906-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Minor Dramas. Edinburgh: D. Douglas. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Through the Eye of the Needle. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Shapes That Haunt the Dusk. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Benton, Joel. Amenia Seminary Reunion, August 22, 1906. New York: Broadway Publishing. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Their husbands' Wives. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. In Search of Treasure: The Story of Guy's Eventful Voyage. New York; Burt. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Southern Lights and Shadows. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Her Opinion of His Story. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Between the Dark and the Daylight. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. The Writings of Thomas Bailey Aldrich. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Henry Mills Alden. Life at High Tide. New York: Harper. (1907-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Roman Holidays, and Others. New York: Harper. (1908-1-1).

  • Tompkins, Euguene and Quincy Kilby. The History of the Boston Theatre, 1854-1901. Boston and NY: Houghton Mifflin and Co. (1908-1-1).

  • Winter, William. Other Days; Being Chronicles and Memories of the Stage. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. (1908-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Ben Logan's Triumph; or, The Boys of Boxwood Academy. New York : Cupples & Leon. (1908-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Saved: An Emotional Drama. New York: Harper. (1908-1-1).

  • Stedman, Edmund Clarence. The Poems of Edmund Clarence Stedman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Co. (1908-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean; Charlotte Harding. Fennel and Rue. New York: Harper. (1908-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean (with others). Whole Family: A Novel by Twelve Authors. New York: Harper & Brothers. (1908-1-1).

  • Symonds, William Law. The Life and Writings of William Law Symonds, Compiled and Edited by William Winter. Priv. print. for J. W. Symonds. (1908-1-1).

  • Hawthorne, Nathaniel; George Henry Boughton. The Scarlet Letter. New York: The Grolier Club. (1908-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Wait and Win: The Story of Jack Drummond's Pluck. New York; Burt. (1908-1-1).

  • Greenslet, Ferris. The Life of Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (1908-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Boy Life: Stories and Readings Selected from the World of William Dean Howells. New York: Harper. (1909-1-1).

  • Winter, William. Old Friends; Being Literary Recollections of Other Days. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. (1909-1-1).

  • Benton, Joel. Memories of the Twilight Club. New York: Broadway Publishing. (1909-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Seven English Cities. New York: Harper. (1909-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Mother and the Father. New York: Harper. (1909-1-1).

  • Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Life and Letters of Edmund Clarence Stedman. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. (1910-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. My Mark Twain: Reminiscences and Criticisms. New York: Harper & Brothers. (1910-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean (with others). In Days After: Thoughts on the Future Life. New York: Harper & Brothers. (1910-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Impossible: A Mystery Play. New York: Harper. (1910-1-1).

  • Winter, William. Life and Art of Richard Mansfield, with Selections from his Letters. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. (1910-1-1).

  • Fitz-Gerald, S. J. Adair. Dickens and the Drama. London: Chapman & Hall. (1910-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Imaginary Interview. New York: Harper. (1910-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio Jr.. Robert Coverdale's Struggle; or, On the Wave of Success. New York : Street & Smith. (1910-1-1).

  • Racovița von Dönniges, Elena. Princess Helene Von Racowitza: An Autobiography. NY: Macmillan Company. (1910-1-1).

  • Vedder, Elihu. The Digressions of V., Written for his Own Fun and that of His Friends, by Elihu Vedder; Containing the Quaint Legends of his Infancy, an Account of his Stay in Florence, the Garden of Lost Opportunities, Return Home on the Track of Columbus, His Struggle. Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. (1910-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Parting Friends: Tragedy. New York: Harper. (1910-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean and Mark Twain. Mark Twain's Speeches. New York: Harper & Brothers. (1910-1-1).

  • Hoeber, Arthur. Winslow Homer, A Painter Of The Sea". Doubleday, Page & Company:. (1911-1-1).

  • Alger, Horatio. Paul the Peddler; or The Fortunes of a Young Street Merchant. New York: New York Book Co. (1911-1-1).

  • Winter, William. Shakespeare on the Stage. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. (1911-1-1).

  • Stedman, Edmund Clarence. Genius, and Other Essays. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co. (1911-1-1).

  • Poe, Edgar Allan. Mellonta Tauta. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. (1912-1-1).

  • Kellogg, Clara Louise. Memoirs of an American Prima Donna. New York : G. P. Putnam's Sons. (1913-1-1).

  • Winter, William. The Wallet of Time; Containing Personal, Biographical, and Critical Reminiscence of the American Theatre. New York: Moffat, Yard and Company. (1913-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Writings of William Dean Howells. New York: Harper & Brothers. (1913-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Familiar Spanish Travels. New York: Harper. (1913-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. New Leaf Mills: A Chronicle. New York: Harper. (1913-1-1).

  • Poe, Edgar Allan. The Works of Edgar Allan Poe: Newly Collected and Edited, with a Memoir, Critical Introductions, and Notes. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. (1914-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Seen and Unseen at Stratford-on-Avon: A Fantasy. New York: Harper. (1914-1-1).

  • Parrot, Sir Edward. The Pageant of English Literature. New York: Sully and Kleinteich. (1914-1-1).

  • Stokes, Isaac Newton; (Isaac Newton Phelps). The Iconography of Manhattan Island, 1498-1909. New York: Arno Press. (1915-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Buying a Horse. New York: Houghton. (1916-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean; Clifton Johnson. Years of My Youth. New York: Harper. (1916-1-1).

  • Winter, William. Vagrant Memories: Being Further Recollections of Other Days. London: Hodder and Stoughton. (1916-1-1).

  • Tassin, Algernon. The Magazine in America. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co. (1916-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Daughter of the Storage, and Other Things in Prose and Verse. New York: Harper. (1916-1-1).

  • Aldrich, Thomas Bailey. An Old Town by the Sea. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin and Co. (1917-1-1).

  • O'Brien, Frank M.. The story of the Sun, New York, 1833-1918. New York: G.H. Doran. (1918-1-1).

  • Boynton, Percy Holmes. A History of American Literature. New York: Gin and Company. (1919-1-1).

  • Seitz, Don Carlos. Artemus Ward (Charles Farrar Browne): A Biography and Bibliography. NY: Harper & Brothers. (1919-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Hither and Thither in Germany. New York: Harper. (1920-1-1).

  • Whitman, Walt. The Gathering of the Forces. New York: G. P. Putnam's and Sons. (1920-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Great Modern American Stories. New York: Boni & Liveright. (1920-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. The Vacation of the Kelwyns: An Idyl of the Middle Eighteen-Seventies. New York: Harper. (1920-1-1).

  • Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, Mrs. (Lillian Woodman Aldrich). Crowding Memories. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. (1920-1-1).

  • O'Brien, Fitz-James. The Golden Ingot: The Diamond Lens: A Terrible Night: What Was It?. New York: Reynolds Pub. Co. (1921-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Mrs. Farrell. New York: Harper. (1921-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Eighty Years and After. [New York]. (1921-1-1).

  • Winter, William. Shakespeare's England. Edinburgh and London: Foulis, Ltd. (1923-1-1).

  • Vedder, Elihu. Doubt and Other Things; Verse and Illustrations. Boston: Four Seas Co. (1923-1-1).

  • Johnson, Robert Underwood. Remembered Yesterdays. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. (1923-1-1).

  • Rogers, Cameron. The Magnificent Idler, the story of Walt Whitman. New York: Garden City, Doubleday, Page and Co. (1926-1-1).

  • Holloway, Emory. Walt Whitman: An Interpretation in Narrative. New York & London: Alfred A. Knopf. (1926-1-1).

  • Van Amerongen, J. B.. The Actor in Dickens. New York: D. Appleton and Company. (1927-1-1).

  • Parrington, Vernon Louis. The Romantic Revolution in America. New York: Harcourt, Brace. (1927-1-1).

  • Quinn, Arthur Hobson. John Augustin Daly. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Eaton, Walter Prichard. William Winter. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Stephen Pearl Andrews. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Schreiber, Carl F.. Thomas Dunn English. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. (1928-1-1).

  • Holt, Jean Mackinnon. Charles Loring Elliott. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Van Doren, Mark. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Ghent, W.J.. John Swinton. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Starr, Harris Elwood. Henry William Herbert. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Davis, Elmer. Henry Jarvis Raymond. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Mather, Frank Jewett. Homer Dodge Martin. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Eaton, Walter Prichard. Joseph Jefferson. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Whicher, George F.. William Ross Wallace. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Lee, James Melvin. Charles Taber Congdon. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Downes, William Howe. William Page. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Parker, William Belmont. Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Downes, William Howe. Elihu Vedder. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Rourke, Constance M.. Laura Keene. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Weitenkampf, Frank. Frank Henry Temple Bellew. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Coburn, Frederick W.. Aaron Draper Shattuck. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Knott, H. W. Howard. James Topham Brady. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Carman, Harry J.. Abraham Oakey Hall. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Spaulding, Thomas Marshall. William Swinton. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Nevins, Allan. Horace Greeley. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Eaton, Walter Prichard. John Brougham. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Estes, J. A.. David Ross Locke. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Corbett, Elizabeth. Walt; The Good Gray Poet Speaks for Himself. New York: Frederick A. Stokes. (1928-1-1).

  • Jackson, Joseph. George Lippard. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Wildes, Harry Emerson. Edward Howard House. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Hellman, George S.. George William Curtis. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Foerster, Norman. John Burroughs. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Leacock, Stephen. Robert Henry Newell. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Baugh, Albert C.. Robert Shelton Mackenzie. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Kasten, Marie A.. William Conant Church. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Hartt, Mary Bronson. William Edgar Marshall. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Lesser, Allen F.. Adah Isaacs Menken. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Allen, Hervey. Edgar Allan Poe. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Adams, Adeline. Launt Thompson. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Bowerman, Sarah G.. Charles Astor Bristed. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Cole, Fannie L. Gwinner. William Henry Fry. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Whicher, George F.. George Arnold. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Bates, Ernest Sutherland. Edwin Thomas Booth. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Genzmer, George H.. Charles Godfrey Leland. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Van Doren, Carl. Bayard Taylor. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Frederick, John H.. Horace Francis Clark. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Mayes, Herbert R.. Alger; A Biography without a Hero. New York: Macy-Masius. (1928-1-1).

  • Howland, Harold. Charles Frederick Briggs. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Bates, Ernest Sutherland. Edmund Clarence Stedman. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Elizabeth Drew Barstow Stoddard. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Miller, Douglass W.. Stephen Ryder Fiske. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Monaghan, Frank. Charles Graham Halpine. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Bronson, Walter Cochran. Greene Halleck. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Waterman, W. Randall. Albert Brisbane. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Charles Gayler. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Chase, Frank H.. Joel Benton. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Monaghan, Frank. John Savage. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Howard, John Tasker. Henry Cood Watson. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Firkins, Oscar W.. William Dean Howells. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Howells, William Dean. Life in Letters of William Dean Howells. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Doran & Co. (1928-1-1).

  • Harlow, Alvin F.. Lester Wallack. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).

  • Muzzey, David Saville. William Allen Butler. Base Set. American Council of Learned Societies, 1928-1936. Reproduced in <cite>Biography Resource Center</cite>. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale, 2006. http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC. (1928-1-1).